{"id":52816,"date":"2026-03-31T10:25:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T08:25:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ulitarnica.ro\/wp\/?p=52816"},"modified":"2026-07-09T13:25:00","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T11:25:00","slug":"atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ulitarnica.ro\/wp\/atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat\/","title":{"rendered":"Atacama, un cer foarte \u00eenstelat <\/br> Jurnal chilian - capitolul 5<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Experien\u021ba noastr\u0103 nocturn\u0103 \u00een de\u0219ertul Atacama a \u00eenceput nu mult dup\u0103 apusul soarelui. Nu mai \u021bin minte exact ce or\u0103 era c\u00e2nd am pornit la drum dar \u0219tiu sigur c\u0103 se \u00eentunecase deja. De data aceasta Nicolas ne-a abandonat \u0219i ne-a l\u0103sat pe m\u00e2na unor speciali\u0219ti. Unul dintre ei era \u0219ofer \u0219i fotograf, cealalt\u0103 se numea C\u00e9cile, o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 fran\u021buzoaic\u0103 foarte simpatic\u0103 \u0219i entuziast\u0103, care era astronom \u00een devenire sau poate deja unul cu acte \u00een regul\u0103, nici asta nu mai \u021bin minte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103 ajungem \u00een mijlocul pustiet\u0103\u021bii preferat de \u0219oferul nostru, un loc f\u0103r\u0103 strop de lumin\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, ni s-au cam lungit urechile. Majoritatea nu eram nici \u00een cea mai bun\u0103 form\u0103, dup\u0103 drume\u021bia prin canion \u0219i mai ales dup\u0103 mole\u0219eala intrat\u0103 \u00een oase \u00een bazinele termale de la Puritama. Cred c\u0103 mul\u021bi visau s\u0103 se culcu\u0219easc\u0103 sub plapum\u0103, nu s\u0103 umble teleleu pe c\u00e2mpuri \u00een frigul nop\u021bii pentru a se zg\u00e2i la stele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00centr-un t\u00e2rziu am ajuns la destina\u021bie. Am \u00eenceput cu un snack, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd gazdele noastre au \u00een\u0219irat un r\u00e2nd de scaune pentru noi, ca pentru o prezentare \u0219i au instalat un mic telescop. Dup\u0103 care C\u00e9cile a \u00eenceput lec\u021bia de astronomie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atacama nu e doar un loc bun, pentru turi\u0219ti, de privit cerul ci unul dintre cele mai importante centre ale astronomiei moderne. Condi\u021biile sunt rare la scar\u0103 global\u0103: aer extrem de uscat, foarte pu\u021bini vapori de ap\u0103, altitudine mare \u0219i un num\u0103r foarte mare de nop\u021bi senine pe an. \u00cen plus, zona este slab populat\u0103, deci poluarea luminoas\u0103 e minim\u0103. Toate acestea fac posibil\u0103 observarea Universului cu o precizie care \u00een multe alte locuri nu poate fi atins\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interesul \u0219tiin\u021bific pentru regiune a \u00eenceput \u00een anii \u201960, c\u00e2nd astronomii europeni \u0219i americani au c\u0103utat loca\u021bii mai bune dec\u00e2t cele din emisfera nordic\u0103. Primul mare pas a fost instalarea observatorului La Silla Observatory<\/em>, inaugurat \u00een 1969 de European Southern Observatory. A fost primul centru major din zon\u0103 \u0219i a deschis drumul pentru dezvolt\u0103rile ulterioare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen deceniile urm\u0103toare, investi\u021biile au crescut constant. Un moment important a fost deschiderea Paranal Observatory<\/em>, unde func\u021bioneaz\u0103 Very Large Telescope, un ansamblu de patru telescoape principale care pot lucra \u00eempreun\u0103. Aici s-au f\u0103cut observa\u021bii esen\u021biale asupra centrului galaxiei noastre \u0219i asupra planetelor din alte sisteme solare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La altitudini \u0219i mai mari, \u00een jur de 5000 de metri, se afl\u0103 ALMA Observatory<\/em>. Acesta nu este un telescop clasic, ci o re\u021bea de 66 de antene radio care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 \u0219i permit studierea gazului \u0219i a prafului cosmic, adic\u0103 exact acele componente din care se formeaz\u0103 stelele \u0219i planetele. Observa\u021biile de aici sunt imposibile \u00een zone cu mai mult\u0103 umiditate, ceea ce explic\u0103 alegerea Atacamei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 europeni \u0219i americani, \u0219i japonezii au dezvoltat un observator propriu \u00een zon\u0103, Atacama Astronomical Observatory<\/em>, amplasat pe Cerro Chajnantor, la peste 5600 de metri. Acesta este specializat \u00een observa\u021bii \u00een infraro\u0219u, un domeniu foarte sensibil la vaporii de ap\u0103 \u0219i, tocmai de aceea, potrivit pentru condi\u021biile extreme ale de\u0219ertului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dezvoltarea nu s-a oprit aici. \u00cen prezent se construie\u0219te Extremely Large Telescope<\/em>, care va avea o oglind\u0103 de 39 de metri \u0219i va deveni cel mai mare telescop optic din lume. Cu el se vor putea studia atmosferele exoplanetelor \u0219i galaxii foarte \u00eendep\u0103rtate, cu un nivel de detaliu f\u0103r\u0103 precedent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ast\u0103zi, Chile concentreaz\u0103 aproximativ 40% din capacitatea astronomic\u0103 mondial\u0103, cu perspective de cre\u0219tere spre 70% \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii. Aceast\u0103 concentrare nu se datoreaz\u0103 doar condi\u021biilor naturale, ci \u0219i politicilor statului chilian, care a oferit stabilitate, acorduri interna\u021bionale \u0219i protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva polu\u0103rii luminoase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cercetarea realizat\u0103 aici nu are leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 cu constela\u021biile vizibile cu ochiul liber. Astronomii folosesc instrumente pentru a studia exoplanete, g\u0103uri negre, formarea galaxiilor \u0219i structura materiei interstelare. Pentru ei, cerul nu este un spectacol, ci o surs\u0103 de date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen acest context, experien\u021ba turistic\u0103 de a privi cerul \u00een Atacama este doar o mic\u0103 parte din realitate. \u00cen spatele ei exist\u0103 o infrastructur\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 impresionant\u0103, care face din acest loc unul dintre cele mai importante puncte de observa\u021bie ale Universului de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 introducere, primul lucru pe care ni l-a explicat C\u00e9cile a fost c\u0103 cerul nu e acela\u0219i peste tot, de\u0219i ne place s\u0103 credem asta. \u00cen emisfera sudic\u0103 vezi practic \u201ecealalt\u0103 jum\u0103tate\u201d a cerului. Noi suntem obi\u0219nui\u021bi cu reperele din nord, cum ar fi Ursa Mare sau Steaua Polar\u0103. \u00cen sud ele dispar complet \u0219i sunt \u00eenlocuite de alte puncte de orientare, cel mai cunoscut fiind Crucea Sudului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i constela\u021biile zodiacale se schimb\u0103 \u00een felul \u00een care apar pe cer. Ele exist\u0103 peste tot, dar apar \u00een alt\u0103 pozi\u021bie, unele sunt r\u0103sturnate fa\u021b\u0103 de cum le vedem noi iar traseul lor este diferit. Mai e \u0219i diferen\u021ba de fundal, \u00een emisfera sudic\u0103 Calea Lactee e mult mai spectaculoas\u0103, pentru c\u0103 centrul galaxiei e vizibil mai bine. De aceea cerul pare mai \u201eplin\u201d dec\u00e2t \u00een nord. Adev\u0103rul e c\u0103 cerul Atacamei p\u0103rea a fi mult mai apropiat iar stelele mult mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103. P\u0103c\u0103leal\u0103 de percep\u021bie dar impresionant\u0103 totu\u0219i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ca s\u0103 nu r\u0103m\u00e2nem doar la teorie, C\u00e9cile ne-a pus \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i telefonul ei. Avea instalat\u0103 o aplica\u021bie care, odat\u0103 \u00eendreptat telefonul spre cer, identifica stelele \u0219i constela\u021biile \u0219i le desena direct pe ecran. Un fel de hart\u0103 suprapus\u0103 peste realitate, pentru cei care nu \u0219tiu \u00eenc\u0103 s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 cerul dintr-o privire. Am \u0219i eu o astfel de aplica\u021bie \u0219i m-am jucat \u00een voie cu ea, urm\u0103rind cum liniile apar peste punctele de lumin\u0103 \u0219i dau un sens haosului de sus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vedetele serii au fost Calea Lactee, at\u00e2t c\u00e2t se putea vedea din ea la acea or\u0103 \u0219i cei doi nori ai lui Magellan. Centrul C\u0103ii Lactee urma s\u0103 defileze pe cer mai spre diminea\u021b\u0103, dar tot atunci r\u0103s\u0103rea \u0219i Luna, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu aveam \u0219anse s\u0103-l vedem \u00een toat\u0103 splendoarea lui. \u00cen schimb, norii aceia s-au v\u0103zut f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Spre deosebire de stele, care sunt puncte clare, ei apar ca ni\u0219te pete albicioase, u\u0219or difuze, de parc\u0103 cineva a \u0219ters cerul cu degetul. Nu sunt nori \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit, ci galaxii separate, sateli\u021bi ai C\u0103ii Lactee, vizibile doar din emisfera sudic\u0103. Se numesc Marele Nor al lui Magellan \u0219i Micul Nor al lui Magellan \u0219i au fost notate de europeni \u00een timpul expedi\u021biei lui Ferdinand Magellan. Practic, sunt printre pu\u021binele galaxii pe care le vezi cu ochiul liber, f\u0103r\u0103 niciun instrument, dac\u0103 ai norocul unui cer ca \u00een Atacama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Am mai aflat de la C\u00e9cile c\u0103 stelele nu sunt toate la fel, chiar dac\u0103 de la nivelul nostru par simple puncte albe. Unele sunt mai ro\u0219ii, altele mai alb\u0103strui, iar culoarea lor spune ceva despre temperatur\u0103. Diferen\u021ba nu e mic\u0103, e vorba de mii de grade. Degeaba am c\u0103utat \u0219i stele verzi, acestea apar doar \u00een ziceri din b\u0103tr\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nu mai \u0219tiu ce stele ro\u0219ii \u0219i albastre am v\u0103zut noi prin telescop, dar diferen\u021ba de culoare era clar\u0103. \u0218i nu e doar o chestiune de aspect. Culoarea unei stele spune ceva foarte concret despre temperatura ei. Cele albastre sunt mult mai fierbin\u021bi, ajung\u00e2nd la zeci de mii de grade la suprafa\u021b\u0103, \u00een timp ce cele ro\u0219ii sunt mai \u201ereci\u201d, chiar dac\u0103 \u0219i ele au mii de grade. Diferen\u021ba asta de temperatur\u0103 vine la pachet \u0219i cu un ritm diferit de via\u021b\u0103. Stelele albastre ard rapid \u0219i intens, consum\u00e2ndu-\u0219i combustibilul \u00eentr-un timp relativ scurt. Cele ro\u0219ii sunt mai \u201eeconomice\u201d \u0219i pot rezista mult mai mult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finalul lor difer\u0103 \u0219i el. Stelele albastre, de obicei masive, sf\u00e2r\u0219esc spectaculos \u00een explozii de tip supernov\u0103, dup\u0103 care r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een urm\u0103 stele neutronice sau chiar g\u0103uri negre. Stelele ro\u0219ii au un destin mai variat. Cele foarte mari pot ajunge \u0219i ele la faza de supernov\u0103, dar cele mai mici, cum este \u0219i Soarele nostru, se umfl\u0103 \u00eentr-o gigant\u0103 ro\u0219ie, \u00ee\u0219i pierd treptat straturile exterioare \u0219i las\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103 un nucleu dens, numit pitic\u0103 alb\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, culoarea unei stele e un indiciu simplu despre c\u00e2t de fierbinte este, c\u00e2t de repede tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i c\u00e2t de dramatic sau lini\u0219tit va sf\u00e2r\u0219i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen acest moment al lec\u021biei, C\u00e9cile a devenit poet. A insistat asupra ideii c\u0103 moartea unei stele nu e un sf\u00e2r\u0219it, ci mai degrab\u0103 un nou \u00eenceput. \u00cen interiorul stelelor se formeaz\u0103 elementele din care e alc\u0103tuit Universul, iar \u00een fazele finale ale vie\u021bii lor, mai ales \u00een acele explozii violente, elementele acestea sunt \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiate \u00een spa\u021biu. Din acest material se nasc apoi alte stele, planete \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, condi\u021biile care fac posibil\u0103 via\u021ba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideea nu era complet nou\u0103 pentru mine. Am auzit-o pentru prima oar\u0103 demult de tot, pe c\u00e2nd m\u0103 uitam fermecat\u0103 la televizor la serialul Cosmos: A Personal Voyage<\/em> al lui Carl Sagan. Dar repetat\u0103 acolo, \u00een mijlocul de\u0219ertului, sub cerul acela \u0219i explicat\u0103 de cineva care chiar lucra cu astfel de lucruri, a c\u0103p\u0103tat o alt\u0103 consisten\u021b\u0103. Nu mai era doar o formulare frumoas\u0103, ci una care venea cu o anumit\u0103 siguran\u021b\u0103. Mi-a pl\u0103cut s\u0103 aud din nou, prin intermediul lui C\u00e9cile, c\u0103 \u00een fond p\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i am\u0103r\u00e2\u021bii de noi suntem, \u00eentr-un fel, praf de stele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din acel punct, lec\u021bia ar mai fi putut continua mult \u0219i bine. C\u00e9cile era \u00een elementul ei \u0219i ar fi fost preg\u0103tit\u0103 s\u0103 ne explice cerul p\u00e2n\u0103 diminea\u021ba. Pentru noi \u00eens\u0103 era deja finalul zilei. Dup\u0103 canion, dup\u0103 b\u0103ile termale \u0219i dup\u0103 frigul ce \u00eencepea s\u0103 ne intre \u00een oase, nu mai aveam nici r\u0103bdare, nici energie pentru galaxii. Diferen\u021ba de program era evident\u0103. Noi voiam s\u0103 \u00eenchidem ziua, ea dorea s\u0103 continue ce abia \u00eencepuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 am b\u0103tut din picior, am cerut s\u0103 vedem pe repede \u00eenainte Jupiter \u0219i cele patru punctule\u021be reperabile ca fiind unii din sateli\u021bii s\u0103i. Apoi, ca ni\u0219te turi\u0219ti obosi\u021bi, am spus clar c\u0103 vrem acas\u0103. \u0218i du\u0219i am fost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Am plecat din de\u0219ert cu c\u00e2teva poze chinuite \u0219i cu o \u00eencercare timid\u0103 de a fotografia Calea Lactee. Am prins doar o margine a ei \u0219i nu a ie\u0219it nimic spectaculos. Cu tot trepiedul meu nec\u0103jit \u0219i cele 10 secunde de expunere, at\u00e2t s-a putut. Cerul acela nu se l\u0103sa prins \u00een fotografii de amatori. Mai trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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PS. Pentru imaginea reprezentativ\u0103 a acestui articol am ales s\u0103 fur o poz\u0103 de pe internet, una a\u0219a cum mi-a\u0219 fi dorit s\u0103 pot face \u0219i eu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explica\u021bia ei spune a\u0219a<\/a>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00cen aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 imagine, amurgul dezv\u0103luie un cer nocturn spectaculos deasupra Observatorului Paranal al ESO, care g\u0103zduie\u0219te Very Large Telescope (VLT), principala instala\u021bie a astronomiei europene bazate la sol. Credit:<\/strong> ESO\/J. Colosimo<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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Experien\u021ba noastr\u0103 nocturn\u0103 \u00een de\u0219ertul Atacama a \u00eenceput nu mult dup\u0103 apusul soarelui. Nu mai \u021bin minte exact ce or\u0103 era c\u00e2nd am pornit la drum dar \u0219tiu sigur c\u0103 se \u00eentunecase deja. De data aceasta Nicolas ne-a abandonat \u0219i ne-a l\u0103sat pe m\u00e2na unor speciali\u0219ti. Unul dintre ei era \u0219ofer \u0219i fotograf, cealalt\u0103 se numea C\u00e9cile, o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 fran\u021buzoaic\u0103 foarte simpatic\u0103 \u0219i entuziast\u0103, care era astronom \u00een devenire sau poate deja unul cu acte \u00een regul\u0103, nici asta nu mai \u021bin minte. P\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103 ajungem \u00een mijlocul pustiet\u0103\u021bii preferat de \u0219oferul nostru, un loc f\u0103r\u0103 strop de lumin\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntean\u0103, ni s-au cam lungit urechile. Majoritatea nu eram nici \u00een cea mai bun\u0103 form\u0103, dup\u0103 drume\u021bia prin canion \u0219i mai ales dup\u0103 mole\u0219eala intrat\u0103 \u00een oase \u00een bazinele termale de la Puritama. Cred c\u0103 mul\u021bi visau s\u0103 se culcu\u0219easc\u0103 sub plapum\u0103, nu s\u0103 umble teleleu pe c\u00e2mpuri \u00een frigul nop\u021bii pentru a se zg\u00e2i la stele. \u00centr-un t\u00e2rziu am ajuns la destina\u021bie. Am \u00eenceput cu un snack, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd gazdele noastre au \u00een\u0219irat un r\u00e2nd de scaune pentru noi, ca pentru o prezentare \u0219i au instalat un mic telescop. Dup\u0103 care C\u00e9cile a \u00eenceput lec\u021bia de astronomie. Atacama nu e doar un loc bun, pentru turi\u0219ti, de privit cerul ci unul dintre cele mai importante centre ale astronomiei moderne. Condi\u021biile sunt rare la scar\u0103 global\u0103: aer extrem de uscat, foarte pu\u021bini vapori de ap\u0103, altitudine mare \u0219i un num\u0103r foarte mare de nop\u021bi senine pe an. \u00cen plus, zona este slab populat\u0103, deci poluarea luminoas\u0103 e minim\u0103. Toate acestea fac posibil\u0103 observarea Universului cu o precizie care \u00een multe alte locuri nu poate fi atins\u0103. Interesul \u0219tiin\u021bific pentru regiune a \u00eenceput \u00een anii \u201960, c\u00e2nd astronomii europeni \u0219i americani au c\u0103utat loca\u021bii mai bune dec\u00e2t cele din emisfera nordic\u0103. Primul mare pas a fost instalarea observatorului La Silla Observatory, inaugurat \u00een 1969 de European Southern Observatory. A fost primul centru major din zon\u0103 \u0219i a deschis drumul pentru dezvolt\u0103rile ulterioare. \u00cen deceniile urm\u0103toare, investi\u021biile au crescut constant. Un moment important a fost deschiderea Paranal Observatory, unde func\u021bioneaz\u0103 Very Large Telescope, un ansamblu de patru telescoape principale care pot lucra \u00eempreun\u0103. Aici s-au f\u0103cut observa\u021bii esen\u021biale asupra centrului galaxiei noastre \u0219i asupra planetelor din alte sisteme solare. La altitudini \u0219i mai mari, \u00een jur de 5000 de metri, se afl\u0103 ALMA Observatory. Acesta nu este un telescop clasic, ci o re\u021bea de 66 de antene radio care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 \u0219i permit studierea gazului \u0219i a prafului cosmic, adic\u0103 exact acele componente din care se formeaz\u0103 stelele \u0219i planetele. Observa\u021biile de aici sunt imposibile \u00een zone cu mai mult\u0103 umiditate, ceea ce explic\u0103 alegerea Atacamei. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 europeni \u0219i americani, \u0219i japonezii au dezvoltat un observator propriu \u00een zon\u0103, Atacama Astronomical Observatory, amplasat pe Cerro Chajnantor, la peste 5600 de metri. Acesta este specializat \u00een observa\u021bii \u00een infraro\u0219u, un domeniu foarte sensibil la vaporii de ap\u0103 \u0219i, tocmai de aceea, potrivit pentru condi\u021biile extreme ale de\u0219ertului. Dezvoltarea nu s-a oprit aici. \u00cen prezent se construie\u0219te Extremely Large Telescope, care va avea o oglind\u0103 de 39 de metri \u0219i va deveni cel mai mare telescop optic din lume. Cu el se vor putea studia atmosferele exoplanetelor \u0219i galaxii foarte \u00eendep\u0103rtate, cu un nivel de detaliu f\u0103r\u0103 precedent. Ast\u0103zi, Chile concentreaz\u0103 aproximativ 40% din capacitatea astronomic\u0103 mondial\u0103, cu perspective de cre\u0219tere spre 70% \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii. Aceast\u0103 concentrare nu se datoreaz\u0103 doar condi\u021biilor naturale, ci \u0219i politicilor statului chilian, care a oferit stabilitate, acorduri interna\u021bionale \u0219i protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva polu\u0103rii luminoase. Cercetarea realizat\u0103 aici nu are leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 cu constela\u021biile vizibile cu ochiul liber. Astronomii folosesc instrumente pentru a studia exoplanete, g\u0103uri negre, formarea galaxiilor \u0219i structura materiei interstelare. Pentru ei, cerul nu este un spectacol, ci o surs\u0103 de date. \u00cen acest context, experien\u021ba turistic\u0103 de a privi cerul \u00een Atacama este doar o mic\u0103 parte din realitate. \u00cen spatele ei exist\u0103 o infrastructur\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 impresionant\u0103, care face din acest loc unul dintre cele mai importante puncte de observa\u021bie ale Universului de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Dup\u0103 aceast\u0103 introducere, primul lucru pe care ni l-a explicat C\u00e9cile a fost c\u0103 cerul nu e acela\u0219i peste tot, de\u0219i ne place s\u0103 credem asta. \u00cen emisfera sudic\u0103 vezi practic \u201ecealalt\u0103 jum\u0103tate\u201d a cerului. Noi suntem obi\u0219nui\u021bi cu reperele din nord, cum ar fi Ursa Mare sau Steaua Polar\u0103. \u00cen sud ele dispar complet \u0219i sunt \u00eenlocuite de alte puncte de orientare, cel mai cunoscut fiind Crucea Sudului. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i constela\u021biile zodiacale se schimb\u0103 \u00een felul \u00een care apar pe cer. Ele exist\u0103 peste tot, dar apar \u00een alt\u0103 pozi\u021bie, unele sunt r\u0103sturnate fa\u021b\u0103 de cum le vedem noi iar traseul lor este diferit. Mai e \u0219i diferen\u021ba de fundal, \u00een emisfera sudic\u0103 Calea Lactee e mult mai spectaculoas\u0103, pentru c\u0103 centrul galaxiei e vizibil mai bine. De aceea cerul pare mai \u201eplin\u201d dec\u00e2t \u00een nord. Adev\u0103rul e c\u0103 cerul Atacamei p\u0103rea a fi mult mai apropiat iar stelele mult mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103. P\u0103c\u0103leal\u0103 de percep\u021bie dar impresionant\u0103 totu\u0219i. Ca s\u0103 nu r\u0103m\u00e2nem doar la teorie, C\u00e9cile ne-a pus \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i telefonul ei. Avea instalat\u0103 o aplica\u021bie care, odat\u0103 \u00eendreptat telefonul spre cer, identifica stelele \u0219i constela\u021biile \u0219i le desena direct pe ecran. Un fel de hart\u0103 suprapus\u0103 peste realitate, pentru cei care nu \u0219tiu \u00eenc\u0103 s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 cerul dintr-o privire. Am \u0219i eu o astfel de aplica\u021bie \u0219i m-am jucat \u00een voie cu ea, urm\u0103rind cum liniile apar peste punctele de lumin\u0103 \u0219i dau un sens haosului de sus. Vedetele serii au fost Calea Lactee, at\u00e2t c\u00e2t se putea vedea din ea la acea or\u0103 \u0219i cei doi nori ai lui Magellan. Centrul C\u0103ii Lactee urma s\u0103 defileze pe cer mai spre diminea\u021b\u0103, dar tot atunci r\u0103s\u0103rea \u0219i Luna, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu aveam \u0219anse s\u0103-l vedem \u00een toat\u0103 splendoarea lui. \u00cen schimb, norii aceia s-au v\u0103zut f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Spre deosebire de stele, care sunt puncte clare, ei apar ca ni\u0219te pete albicioase, u\u0219or difuze, de parc\u0103 cineva a \u0219ters cerul cu degetul. Nu sunt nori \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit, ci galaxii separate, sateli\u021bi ai C\u0103ii Lactee, vizibile doar din emisfera sudic\u0103. Se numesc Marele Nor al lui Magellan \u0219i Micul Nor al lui Magellan \u0219i au fost notate de europeni \u00een timpul expedi\u021biei lui Ferdinand Magellan. Practic, sunt printre pu\u021binele galaxii pe care le vezi cu ochiul liber, f\u0103r\u0103 niciun instrument, dac\u0103 ai norocul unui cer ca \u00een Atacama. Am mai aflat de la C\u00e9cile c\u0103 stelele nu sunt toate la fel, chiar dac\u0103 de la nivelul nostru par simple puncte albe. Unele sunt mai ro\u0219ii, altele mai alb\u0103strui, iar culoarea lor spune ceva despre temperatur\u0103. Diferen\u021ba nu e mic\u0103, e vorba de mii de grade. Degeaba am c\u0103utat \u0219i stele verzi, acestea apar doar \u00een ziceri din b\u0103tr\u00e2ni. Nu mai \u0219tiu ce stele ro\u0219ii \u0219i albastre am v\u0103zut noi prin telescop, dar diferen\u021ba de culoare era clar\u0103. \u0218i nu e doar o chestiune de aspect. Culoarea unei stele spune ceva foarte concret despre temperatura ei. Cele albastre sunt mult mai fierbin\u021bi, ajung\u00e2nd la zeci de mii de grade la suprafa\u021b\u0103, \u00een timp ce cele ro\u0219ii sunt mai \u201ereci\u201d, chiar dac\u0103 \u0219i ele au mii de grade. Diferen\u021ba asta de temperatur\u0103 vine la pachet \u0219i cu un ritm diferit de via\u021b\u0103. Stelele albastre ard rapid \u0219i intens, consum\u00e2ndu-\u0219i combustibilul \u00eentr-un timp relativ scurt. Cele ro\u0219ii sunt mai \u201eeconomice\u201d \u0219i pot rezista mult mai mult. Finalul lor difer\u0103 \u0219i el. Stelele albastre, de obicei masive, sf\u00e2r\u0219esc spectaculos \u00een explozii de tip supernov\u0103, dup\u0103 care r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een urm\u0103 stele neutronice sau chiar g\u0103uri negre. Stelele ro\u0219ii au un destin mai variat. Cele foarte mari pot ajunge \u0219i ele la faza de supernov\u0103, dar cele mai mici, cum este \u0219i Soarele nostru, se umfl\u0103 \u00eentr-o gigant\u0103 ro\u0219ie, \u00ee\u0219i pierd treptat straturile exterioare \u0219i las\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103 un nucleu dens, numit pitic\u0103 alb\u0103. \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, culoarea unei stele e un indiciu simplu despre c\u00e2t de fierbinte este, c\u00e2t de repede tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i c\u00e2t de dramatic sau lini\u0219tit va sf\u00e2r\u0219i. \u00cen acest moment al lec\u021biei, C\u00e9cile a devenit poet. A insistat asupra ideii c\u0103 moartea unei stele nu e un sf\u00e2r\u0219it, ci mai degrab\u0103 un nou \u00eenceput. \u00cen interiorul stelelor se formeaz\u0103 elementele din care e alc\u0103tuit Universul, iar \u00een fazele finale ale vie\u021bii lor, mai ales \u00een acele explozii violente, elementele acestea sunt \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiate \u00een spa\u021biu. Din acest material se nasc apoi alte stele, planete \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, condi\u021biile care fac posibil\u0103 via\u021ba. Ideea nu era complet nou\u0103 pentru mine. Am auzit-o pentru prima oar\u0103 demult de tot, pe c\u00e2nd m\u0103 uitam fermecat\u0103 la televizor la serialul Cosmos: A Personal Voyage al lui Carl Sagan. Dar repetat\u0103 acolo, \u00een mijlocul de\u0219ertului, sub cerul acela \u0219i explicat\u0103 de cineva care chiar lucra cu astfel de lucruri, a c\u0103p\u0103tat o alt\u0103 consisten\u021b\u0103. Nu mai era doar o formulare frumoas\u0103, ci una care venea cu o anumit\u0103 siguran\u021b\u0103. Mi-a pl\u0103cut s\u0103 aud din nou, prin intermediul lui C\u00e9cile, c\u0103 \u00een fond p\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i am\u0103r\u00e2\u021bii de noi suntem, \u00eentr-un fel, praf de stele. Din acel punct, lec\u021bia ar mai fi putut continua mult \u0219i bine. C\u00e9cile era \u00een elementul ei \u0219i ar fi fost preg\u0103tit\u0103 s\u0103 ne explice cerul p\u00e2n\u0103 diminea\u021ba. Pentru noi \u00eens\u0103 era deja finalul zilei. Dup\u0103 canion, dup\u0103 b\u0103ile termale \u0219i dup\u0103 frigul ce \u00eencepea s\u0103 ne intre \u00een oase, nu mai aveam nici r\u0103bdare, nici energie pentru galaxii. Diferen\u021ba de program era evident\u0103. Noi voiam s\u0103 \u00eenchidem ziua, ea dorea s\u0103 continue ce abia \u00eencepuse. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103 am b\u0103tut din picior, am cerut s\u0103 vedem pe repede \u00eenainte Jupiter \u0219i cele patru punctule\u021be reperabile ca fiind unii din sateli\u021bii s\u0103i. Apoi, ca ni\u0219te turi\u0219ti obosi\u021bi, am spus clar c\u0103 vrem acas\u0103. \u0218i du\u0219i am fost. Am plecat din de\u0219ert cu c\u00e2teva poze chinuite \u0219i cu o \u00eencercare timid\u0103 de a fotografia Calea Lactee. Am prins doar o margine a ei \u0219i nu a ie\u0219it nimic spectaculos. Cu tot trepiedul meu nec\u0103jit \u0219i cele 10 secunde de expunere, at\u00e2t s-a putut. Cerul acela nu se l\u0103sa prins \u00een fotografii de amatori. Mai trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b. PS. Pentru imaginea reprezentativ\u0103 a acestui articol am ales s\u0103 fur o poz\u0103 de pe internet, una a\u0219a cum mi-a\u0219 fi dorit s\u0103 pot face \u0219i eu. Explica\u021bia ei spune a\u0219a: \u00cen aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 imagine, amurgul dezv\u0103luie un cer nocturn spectaculos deasupra Observatorului Paranal al ESO, care g\u0103zduie\u0219te Very Large Telescope (VLT), principala instala\u021bie a astronomiei europene bazate la sol. Credit: ESO\/J. Colosimo +9 0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":53043,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1012,954,688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chile","category-america","category-calatorii"],"yoast_head":"\nAtacama, un cer foarte \u00eenstelat - 🇨🇱 Chile - Uli\u021barnica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Noapte \u00een de\u0219ertul Atacama: cer spectaculos, lec\u021bii de astronomie, galaxii v\u0103zute cu ochiul liber \u0219i diferen\u021ba dintre turi\u0219ti obosi\u021bi \u0219i un astronom \u00een elementul lui.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ulitarnica.ro\/wp\/atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Atacama, un cer foarte \u00eenstelat - 🇨🇱 Chile - Uli\u021barnica\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Noapte \u00een de\u0219ertul Atacama: cer spectaculos, lec\u021bii de astronomie, galaxii v\u0103zute cu ochiul liber \u0219i diferen\u021ba dintre turi\u0219ti obosi\u021bi \u0219i un astronom \u00een elementul lui.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ulitarnica.ro\/wp\/atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Uli\u021barnica\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Ulitarnica\/494942813906889\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Ulitarnica\/494942813906889\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-31T08:25:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-09T11:25:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ulitarnica.ro\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/ParanalCaleaLactee.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"AncaHM\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@MihaelaHerbei\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@MihaelaHerbei\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scris de\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"AncaHM\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Timp estimat pentru citire\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ulitarnica.ro\\\/wp\\\/atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ulitarnica.ro\\\/wp\\\/atacama-un-cer-foarte-instelat\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"AncaHM\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ulitarnica.ro\\\/wp\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1de2fe90232dbef1295aeac37800a007\"},\"headline\":\"Atacama, un cer foarte \u00eenstelat Jurnal chilian - 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As the Sun sets on the site the Milky Way is shown in magnificent detail. Although it appears to the naked eye as a clouded haze across the sky, the Milky Way consists of 100\u2013400 billion individual stars strung out along its 100 000 light-year extent. In this image the Milky Way is a backdrop to the Unit Telescope number 4, also known as Yepun. Yepun is Venus in the Mapuche language, the language of the indigenous people from the south of Chile. Yepun is one of four 8.2-metre telescopes that can be used together as one giant telescope, allowing astronomers to detect details up to 16 times finer than would be possible with the individual telescopes. Together, the VLT has stimulated a new age of discoveries, with several notable scientific firsts, including tracking individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way (eso0846). This image was taken by ESO Photo Ambassador John Colosimo and submitted to the Your ESO Pictures Flickr group. 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